How I View And Interact With The World Shapes My World View

How I view and interact with the world shapes my world view, and this worldview is the culmination of my culture, values, and life experience. Given my background, the Reciprocal Interaction Worldview is the worldview which is closest in line to my personal beliefs and philosophies. The Reciprocal Interaction Worldview is an amalgam of characteristics and elements from several nursing paradigms and worldviews, and its paradigms frame most contemporary scientific nursing knowledge (Fawcett, 1993). As such, it serves as a reliable foundation for my personal nursing practice as I strive to provide evidence based care. This worldview first states that human beings are holistic, and parts are viewed only in the context of the whole (Fawcett, 1993). I agree with this view as I believe that the various human dimensions are interrelated. It is impossible to separate out the physical from the psychological or spiritual, as they are interdependent. A change in one aspect acts as a causative agent in the others. This aspect of this worldviews frames my practice when I acknowledge that my patient is much more than a set of vital signs and a physical assessment. In each interaction, I strive to ascertain my patient’s psychological and spiritual deficits and attend to these needs in a hierarchical manner so that the patient can return to a state of complete health- physically, psychologically, and spiritually. The Reciprocal Interaction Worldview asserts that human beings are active,Show MoreRelatedWhat is Reality747 Words   |  3 Pagesreality? In my mind, reality is defined by the individual. It is not a single, or whole entity that is the same for everyone. What this implies is that each person has control over their own reality. It varies from person to person but also intertwines. Individual realities can interact with each other which add up and ultimately create other joint realities until an intricate â€Å"web† of realities is made that represents the world. I would consider myself an existentialist, and that point of view shapesRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives Essay: . Sociology Is The Scientific990 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Perspectives Essay: Sociology is the scientific study of how humans and groups behave socially and how they, as a whole, change over time. Through the examination of the scientific side of sociology, the understanding of the social world can be shown more clearly. Within the study of sociology, there are two main branches: micro and macro. Micro sociology is looking at the individual and social interaction. 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This philosophy course has encouraged me to share my opinions that are not influenced by other peers or older adults, but to deeply reflect

Female Substance Abuse Counseling At The Hendry County Jail

A large number of incarcerated women report high rates of abuse, including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse (Wolff, Frueh, Shi, Schumann, 2012). This writer recently started to conduct individual substance abuse counseling to women incarcerated at the Hendry County Jail. During the time of speaking to these women, a common factor has arisen, that is the fact that most of these women have been involved in some sort of domestic violence. Although there are women’s jail groups available throughout the country, there are not enough of these groups that focus on battered women. This writer proposes to incorporate a battered women’s in jail group that will focus on helping those women who are incarcerated and who have been involved in domestic violence throughout their lifetime. Proposal Purpose and eligibility of group: The goals of the battered women’s in jail group were sampled from The National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women and would include educating women about the dynamics of domestic violence, supporting domestic violence survivors healing from the effects of trauma, supporting survivors of abuse in developing strategies and identifying resources to help prevent them from experiencing abuse again in the future, helping survivors plan and prepare for being released, including developing comprehensive strategies for enhancing their safety while in the community (Bible, 2011). Due to concerns of confidentiality, participation would be limited to those

British Literature Women Of Long Ago Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The star football participant was about to be forced off the squad because of hapless academic classs. In despair, the manager approached the Dean of the college and swore on his award that he would give the chap a concluding test in one of his topics, and if the male child didn T base on balls he would take him from the squad instantly. The dark before the large game the manager met with the male child to prove him. What, asked the manager, is the name of the first recorded piece of British Literature? Coach, replied the male child, I don t have the slightest thought. That s right! exclaimed the manager, You don t! Okay, you re in the get downing line-up tomorrow! This could be my narrative. I play sports-any sport-all sports-football, hoops, baseball you name it. The idea of my basking British Literature seems difficult for even me to believe. When faced with this assignment, I found myself in a little terror. However, much to my surprise, it wasn t all that bad. In traveling over the picks, I knew I had to take to compose about adult females, and their functions in these narratives. The fact that they were involved in sex, fraudulence, and criminal conversation had nil to make with my determination. And as Oscar Wilde said, The universe is packed with good and evil adult females. To cognize them is a in-between category instruction. I m surely a truster in that doctrine! After all, that s why I m in school. In get downing to compare and contrast the function of adult females the The Wife of Bath s Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Shepherd s Play, by Wakefield Master, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by Sir Gawain, one needs to look closely at the narratives. The Wife of Bath s, narrative is a brief Arthurian love affair integrating the widespread subject of the disgusting lady. It is the narrative of a adult female as if by magic transformed into an ugly form who can be restored to her former province merely be some specific action. It besides embodies some surprising hints of the formal tradition, along with The Second Shepherd s Play, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. All three narratives seem to exemplify the transforming power of love for their work forces. Although they were are different they all showed the consequence of their love. That the true lover can non be corrupted by greed ; love makes an ugly and rude individual radiance with all beauty. They know how to indue with aristocracy even one of low birth. They can even impart humbleness to the proud. Oh, what a fantastic thing love is which makes a adult male radiance with so many virtuousnesss and which teaches everyone to abound in good imposts. You see briefly in the narrative The Wife of Bath s Tale that it deals with a lustful unmarried man of the male monarch s tribunal who raped a immature maiden. He was taken and condemned to decease ( such was the usage so ) but the male monarch, in respect to Queen Guenevere s supplications, allowed the ladies to judge him. They tell him he can salvage his life merely if a twelvemonth and a twenty-four hours subsequently he can state them what it is that adult females most desire. He wanders long without happening the reply ; he is about to return disconsolate when he comes upon an old and unusually ugly adult female. She says that if he swore to make whatever she will next ask him, she will state him the reply. He agrees and returns with reply: adult females most desire to hold sovereignty over their hubbies. Guenevere and her ladies are amazed ; they grant him his life. The old adult female than makes her demand: that he marry her. She will accept no less. On they re marrying dark ; he turns off from her. She asks him what is the affair. He answers that she is old and ugly and lowborn. The old adult female demonstrated to him that none of these affair particularly baronial birth, since true gentilesse depends on workss instead than birth. She offers him the pick: he can hold her old and ugly and faithful or immature, beautiful, and perchance unchaste. He tells her to take ; he grants her the sovereignty. When he does so she turns into a beautiful maiden, and they live thenceforth in perfect joy. That she so just was and so yong therto, For joye he hente hire in his weaponries two ; His herte bathed in a bath of blisse ; A 1000 clip arewe he gan hire kisse ( Chaucer 356 ) Even under the regulation of King Arthur and his gallant knights, adult females were at the clemency of work forces by holding the knight colza a immature amah. Immediately though, the adult females begin to weave in their doctrine. One in peculiar achieves all she wants through her nagging behaviour. She shows the queen that she can acquire the male monarch to go forth the knight s life in her custodies. Further, the undertaking given the knight by the queen, to happen out What thing it is that adult females most desiren? And if that she be disgusting, thou saist that she Coveiteth every adult male that she may see ; For as a spaniel she wol on him lepe, Til that she finde som adult male hire to chepe ( Chaucer 336 ) In professing this point of pick and giving the womanpower, the married woman shows how the knight additions both picks and both become happy together. For by my trouthe, I wol be to you bothe This is to sayn, ye bothe carnival and good And she obeyed him in every thing ( Chaucer 356 ) In The Second Shepherds Play, the narrative begins with three shepherds ( Coll, Gib, and Daw ) in a field kicking about the cold, revenue enhancements, and the cavalier intervention they got from the aristocracy. These are immoralities that are close to place for the shepherds on the Yorkshire Moors. Finally the chief character, Mak, comes along claiming to be a higher-class citizen than he truly is. The shepherds know Mak though. He has a repute as a common stealer. The shepherds are tired and lie down to kip but are wary of Mak and inquire that he sleep between them so that he could non be up to anything. Soon they fall asleep and Mak ( infixing some heathen elements ) casts a thaumaturgy enchantment over the sleeping shepherds that they may non wake up for some clip. He so gets up and bargains a random-access memory from their flocks and takes it place to his married woman Gill. Good married woman, open the hek! Sees thou non what I bring? I may thole the camion the snek. Ah, come in, my sweeting! Yea, 1000 that non rek of my long standing By the bare cervix art 1000 like for to hing. Make manner: I am worthy my meat ( Wakefield 470 ) They are hapless and intend to eat it. Gill chides him though and warns him that this wickedness will acquire him killed. She decides a program to maintain the sheep covered in a cradle so that when the shepherds come impeaching Mak and looking for their sheep they will non happen it. Gill will feign to be retrieving from childbearing and will sham that the covered lamb is re4ally their newborn kid. Mak likes this thought and returns to the sleeping shepherds to lie back between them as though nil has happened. When they arrived, Mak wakes to state them that he has dreamt that his married woman Gill has given birth to a kid. He complains how hapless they are and that his married woman is ever pregnant with another kid. He leaves them to travel and help his married woman. The shepherds split up but arrange to run into once more subsequently that afternoon. When they do run into they realize a sheep has been stolen and they suspect Mak. In the interim, Gill and Mak are fixing their str ategy. Soon the shepherds arrive at the house. Gill is groaning and Mak is feigning to sing a cradlesong to the babe. The shepher Ds search the house happening no lamb and believing that the babe under screen is truly a babe, they wish the household good and travel to go forth. . When we had long napped, me thought with a gyn A fat sheep he trapped, but he made no blare. Thy dream makes thee woode: It is but apparition, by the roode, Now God, turn all to good, If it be his will ( Wakefield 471 ) Daw returns to give the babe a buss and when he lifts the screen he discovers the truth. Gill tries to go on the prevarication by claiming that the kid was sabotaged by faeries and turned into a lamb. Mak insists it is his inheritor. Finally caught in the act and told he should be hung and Gill burned, Mak begs for like and promises neer to intrude once more. He says if he does so, so they can decapitate him. The shepherds end up merely fliping him in a cover. They shortly forget about Mak when an angel appears to them that dark, stating them of the birth of Christ. They visit Christ, and leave, sing vocals of congratulations. That is filled with His grace and have a new joy and hope in life. In The Second Shepherds Play, the beginning is really black, but is balanced out by the optimistic stoping. The writer s gap has the shepherds turn toing the blue clime, their poorness and their oppressive intervention by the aristocracy. The obvious purpose is to learn the narrative of Christ s birth, and give out a clear message of hope. He draws the regular medieval layperson in by turn toing obvious modern-day jobs. He so introduces a stock amusing figure ( Mak ) to convey amusing alleviation. By parodying the Christian narrative of the Nativity with the pathetic strategy of the stolen lamb in the cradle, the writer is able to skid in a Christian message that the mundane individual could understand. The analogue of the stolen sheep ( disguised as Mak s latest inheritor ) prevarication in a cradle and the existent Lamb of God Born in a stable among animals is obvious. In a sense, the fact that the writer reenacts the Nativity in the ludicrous strategy with a common stealer and his alcoholic married woman suggests the Christian impression that Christianity is for everybody particularly the lowly. One of the chief points, nevertheless, is the charity twice shown by the shepherds: foremost, to the supposed boy of Mak, and 2nd, to Mak and Gill when they decide to allow them off with merely the mildest of penalties. Their Acts of the Apostless of charity and forgiveness are awarded when they are invited to see the Christ kid, the incarnation of charity. Hail, autonomous Jesus, for 1000 has us sought! Hail, freely nutrient and flour, that all things was shaped! Hail, full of favor, that made all of zero! Hail! I kneel and I cower. A bird have I brought To my barn Hail, small tyne swab! ( Wakefield 480 ) In contrast, the adult females in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight place the Virgin Mary ( stand foring religious love, obeisance, celibacy, and life ) against Morgan and Bertilak s married woman ( who represent noncompliance, lust and decease ) . Bertilak s married woman is runing unassisted against Gawain in the sleeping room as the huntsman and attacker. Morgan is the provoker of the secret plan which begins the narrative, and she is strong plenty to travel into Bertilak s palace, turn him green and order him to walk and speak with a cut off hear. Lady Bertilak is seen in the Biblical function of enchantress as Eve. Gawain derives his art and bravery from his particular relationship with Mary. And at that sanctum tide He prays with all his might That Mary may be his usher Till a home comes in sight ( Gawain 203 ) Equally long as Gawain is confronting the dangers which grow out of his deal with the Green Knight, which does non prove his beliing truenesss in love, his religious religion is clear and undaunted and his art and bravery clasp. On his journey to look for the Green Knight he is beset by a figure of adversities and is eventually at the point of desperation. As he lies stop deading in the wood he prays to Mary to happen him shelter and a topographic point to state mass on Christmas Eve. She answers his supplications and leads him to Bertilak s palace. When Gawain comes to Bertilak s tribunal he is thrown into a wholly different universe. And hence sighing he said, I beseech of Thee, Lord, And Mary, 1000 mildest female parent so dried-up, Some harbourage where haply I might hear mass And thy morning prayers tomorrow-meekly I ask it, And thereto suggestion and pray my pater and ave and credo ( Gawain 203 204 ) Gawain is a knight that begins a journey toward decease with deep religion. Gawain is a adult male all entirely going to about certain decease. This journey is entirely Gawain s ; no 1 can soothe him but God, where he finds his strength. His chief concern is to make some harbourage where haply ( he ) might hear mass. The clip is near to Christmas ; Gawain s demand for a proper topographic point to pray to expose his religion, is great because of his state of affairs. He meekly asks this of Christ and Mary. Gawain s praying is closer to imploring than anything else. He implores God to steer him to shelter. He besides prays to Mary, the mildest female parent, in hopes of happening a topographic point to remain over Christmas. When he ways mildest, he most likely means the disused definition of the word, sort or gracious. Naming Mary this is a spot of desirous believing on Gawain s portion. He hopes that through God s will and Mary s generousness, he won t be praying at a stopgap commun ion table in the snow on Christmas. Gawain meekly asks for harbourage. He is far from a mild knight, but he humbles himself so highly before God, Mary, and Christ, trusting they take notice of his humbleness and reply his supplications. He needs reassurance that God knows he believes and is meriting of salvation. By praying in a proper location, Gawain could demo God his devotedness. His desirous thought is non misplaced. Despite all he has endured therefore far, Gawain remains a low retainer of the Lard. Instantaneously, his supplications are answered. In comparing and contrasting the adult females in these narratives we can see the attitudes and doctrines which were emerging and determining the functions specific to people s lives. Among there were thoughts and imposts, which had dictated highly subservient lives for adult females. One of the characters in The Wife of Bath contradicts many of these oppressive imposts and asserts her ain appraisal of the functions of adult females in society and in relationships. However, while trying to asseverate female laterality over work forces, the consequence the married woman desires is to convey work forces and adult females to a more balanced degree of power. It is the married womans purpose to demo that entry to the desires and demands of adult females does non ensue in the male being dominated. Actually, the terminal consequence is two people who are happy and secure in their love for one another and respectful of each others power. The terminal consequence in the narratives is that the twosomes become happy. They fight no more and unrecorded in peace. They understand the value of equilibrating the power in relationships. If we look behind the lives of work forces, we find history is frequently herstory. He said his supplication with suspirations, Lamenting his misbehavior ; He crosses himself, and calls On Christ in his great demand ( Gawain 204 ) 350

Responding to Behaviorism

In his article â€Å"The Nature of Mind† David Armstrong starts out with showing that Behaviorism is an implausible account of the nature of mind. In his account of Behaviorism the behavior and the mind are one and causally inseparable (Armstrong 297). The mind and behavior are identical so the mind is not merely the cause of behavior but rather it is the behavior. To be more specific, Armstrong posits that Behaviorists regard the mind to be an array of behavior; one cannot speak of a mind in the absence of behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Responding to Behaviorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main objection that Armstrong has to the Behaviorists’ account of mind is that there can exist and there actually exists thought without behavior (Armstrong 298); behavior is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for thought or the mind. Ryle attempts to address this objection by brin ging in the notion of a disposition to behave i.e. a latent state that will cause behavior once the right conditions and circumstances are met. The concept of disposition to behave, however, fails to address the problem with the Behaviorists’ account of the mind as the dispositions are merely analyses of mental states into conditional statements of what one’s behavior would be under the right circumstances. Behaviorism is a reductionist view of the mental process as it views all mental processes as equivalent to behavior yet there are mental processes that cannot be explained from the perspective of the Behaviorists e.g. the taste of chocolate. Such a rudimentary mental process cannot be conveyed using the Behaviorists’ account of a mental process yet it is a legitimate mental process (Block 262). This inability to explain simple and irreducible mental processes is a major weakness of the Behaviorists’ account of the mind. The other major weakness of Beha viorism is its failure to account for consciousness. Behaviorism relies on an expressed or outward account of mental processes and as such fails to give an accurate deduction of the mind (Fodor 56). Introspection and self-awareness are examples of mental processes which are essential to human beings that cannot be accounted for using Behaviorism as there is no possible way to translate the two into behavior or dispositions to behave. Given these shortcomings, Behaviorism is a weak and objectionable account of the mind.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Armstrong, Martin. A Materialist Theory of the Mind. London: Routledge, 1968. Print. Block, Ned. Are Absent Qualia Impossible? The Philosophical Review, 89 (1980): 257 -274. Fodor, Jerry. The Mind Doesn’t Work that Way. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Print. This essay on Responding to Behaviorism was written and submitted by user Emilio Mathis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Catherine Howard, Queen of England

Biography of Catherine Howard, Queen of England Catherine Howard (c. 1523–February 13, 1542) was the fifth wife of Henry VIII. During her brief marriage, she was officially the Queen of England. Howard was beheaded for adultery and unchastity in 1542. Fast Facts: Catherine Howard Known For: Howard was briefly the Queen of England; her husband Henry VIII ordered her to be beheaded for adultery.Born: 1523 in London, EnglandParents: Lord Edmund Howard  and  Joyce CulpeperDied: February 13, 1542 in London, EnglandSpouse: King Henry VIII (m. 1540) Early Life Catherine Howard was born in London, England, sometime around 1523. Her parents were  Lord Edmund Howard  and  Joyce Culpeper. In 1531, through the influence of his niece Anne Boleyn, Edmund Howard obtained a position as comptroller for Henry VIII in Calais. When her father went to Calais, Catherine Howard was placed in the care of Agnes Tilney, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, her fathers stepmother.  Howard lived with Agnes Tilney at Chesworth House and then at Norfolk House. She was one of many young nobles sent to live under Agnes Tilneys supervision- and that supervision was notably loose.  Howards education, which included reading and writing and music, was directed by Tilney. Youthful Indiscretions About 1536, while living with Tilney at Chesworth House, Howard had a sexual relationship with a music tutor, Henry Manox (Mannox or Mannock). Tilney reportedly struck Howard when she caught the two together. Manox followed her to Norfolk House and tried to continue a relationship. Manox was eventually replaced in young Howards affections by Frances Dereham, a secretary and relative. Howard shared a bed at the Tilney home with Katherine Tilney, and the two were visited a few times in their bedchamber by Dereham and Edward Malgrave, a cousin of Henry Manox, Howards former love. Howard and Dereham apparently did consummate their relationship, reportedly calling each other husband and wife and promising marriage- what to the church amounted to a contract of marriage. Manox heard gossip of the relationship and jealously reported it to Agnes Tilney. When Dereham saw the warning note, he guessed it had been written by Manox, which implies that Dereham knew of Howards relationship with him.  Tilney again struck her granddaughter for her behavior and sought to end the relationship. Howard was sent to court, and  Dereham went to Ireland. At Court Howard was to serve as a lady in waiting to Henry VIIIs newest (fourth) queen, Anne of Cleves, soon to arrive in England. This assignment was probably arranged by her uncle, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk and one of Henrys advisors.  Anne of Cleves arrived in England in December 1539, and Henry may have first seen Howard at that event. At court, she caught the kings attention, as he was quite quickly unhappy in his new marriage. Henry started courting Howard, and by May was publicly giving her gifts. Anne complained of this attraction to the ambassador from her homeland. Marriage Henry had his marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled on July 9, 1540. He then married Catherine Howard on July 28, generously bestowing jewelry and other expensive gifts on his much-younger and attractive bride. On their wedding day, Thomas Cromwell, who had arranged the marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves, was executed. Howard was publicly made queen on August 8. Early the next year, Howard began a flirtation- perhaps more- with one of Henrys favorites, Thomas Culpeper, who was also a distant relative on her mothers side and who had a reputation for lechery. Arranging their clandestine meetings was Howards lady of the privy chamber, Jane Boleyn, Lady Rochford, widow of George Boleyn who had been executed with his sister Anne Boleyn. Only Lady Rochford and Katherine Tilney were permitted into Howards rooms when Culpeper was present. Whether Culpeper and Howard were lovers or whether she was pressured by him but did not acquiesce to his sexual advances is unknown. Howard was even more reckless than to pursue that relationship; she brought her old lovers Manox and Dereham to court as well, as her musician and secretary. Dereham bragged about their relationship, and she may have made the appointments in an attempt to silence them about their past. Charges On November 2, 1541, Cranmer confronted Henry with the allegations about Howards indiscretions. Henry at first did not believe the allegations. Dereham and Culpeper confessed to their part in these relationships after being tortured, and Henry abandoned Howard. Cranmer zealously pursued the case against Howard. She was charged with unchastity before her marriage and with concealing her precontract and her indiscretions from the king before their marriage, thereby committing treason. She was also accused of adultery, which for a queen consort was also treason. A number of Howards relatives were also questioned about her past, and some were charged with treasonous acts for concealing her sexual past. These relatives were all pardoned, though some lost their property. On November 23, Howards title of queen was stripped from her. Culpeper and Dereham were executed on December 10 and their heads displayed on London Bridge. Death On January 21, 1542, Parliament passed a bill of attainder making Howards actions an executable offense. She was taken to the Tower of London on February 10, Henry signed the bill of attainder, and she was executed on the morning of February 13. Like her cousin Anne Boleyn, also beheaded for treason, Howard was buried without any marker in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. During Queen Victorias reign in the 19th century, both bodies were exhumed and identified, and their resting places were marked. Jane Boleyn, Lady Rochford, was also beheaded. She was  buried with Howard. Legacy Historians and scholars have struggled to reach a consensus about Howard, with some describing her as a deliberate troublemaker and others characterizing her as an innocent victim of King Henrys rages. Howard has been depicted in a variety of plays, films, and television series, including The Private Life of Henry VIII and The Tudors. Ford Madox Ford wrote a fictionalized version of her life in the novel The Fifth Queen. Sources Crawford, Anne.  Letters of the Queens of England, 1100-1547. Alan Sutton, 1994.Fraser, Antonia. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Weir, Alison.  The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

Fluid Power School Essay Example

Fluid Power School Essay Example Fluid Power School Essay Fluid Power School Essay Essay Topic: We Real Cool Fluid Power School BY Mikecole1911 Original November 10, 1994 BASIC PNEUMATICS FLUID POWER l. Basic definition of Fluid Power: A fluid is any media that will flow when contained in some form of vessel or conductor such pipe, hose or tubing. The media can be air, oil, water, gases etc. The media when moved with pressure or force is capable of producing ready energy, which can be used to perform limitless automated functions. Fluid power is most often used to create linear and or rotary motion. The forms of fluid power discussed in this forum are pneumatic technology with some light coverage of hydraulics. A. Trends with Fluid Power: 1. The field of hydraulics is a growth industry in the USA. The primary cause for this expansion is the fact that many manufacturers in the US are automating a great deal of heavy manufacturing industries in order to compete with overseas developing nations, and the European and Japanese manufacturers that have already been in the automation mode for many years. Hydraulic technology is the heavy-duty muscles of manufacturing, no other form of industrial power provides as much work capability at a competitive cost. Along with this muscle come environmental oncerns, proper disposal of warn out hydraulic oil, old strainers and filters are issues that need to be addressed. The other obvious area is leaks in hydraulic systems are a constant nuisance. 2. Pneumatic technology is growing rapidly every year. This is largely due to many factors; Pneumatic fluid power is clean, less expensive to implement than hydraulics, and economical to use. As the domestic manufacturing base moves toward lighter high tech type industries, compressed air still provide more bang for the Buck than any other power source without the negative environmental effects of hydraulics. : Linear and rotary motion can be generated with great speed, reliability and precision using pneumatic cylinders, air motors and rotary actuators. Compressed air technology has seen great expansion as original equipment manufactures (OEMS) continue to utilize pneumatic systems on their machines and equipment. Most of the time the customer has plant air available for use, but in some cases OEMs are using small on board compressors that are quiet, efficient and capable of producing ample volumes of compressed air at pressures up to 150 psig. The copier industry and medical fields are two major examples. Almost anyone can benefit from a working knowledge of basic pneumatic capability. That is the intent of this seminar, to provide a basic exposure of general capabilities that could be employed to meet the pneumatic needs in your business. Seminar Format: A: Generic presentations of various fluid power components: The basic functions and variations of the major components available in the Fluid Power Industry. B: Review the basic layout of a pneumatic system. 2. FRL Gauges 3. Safety Blow Down Valve (Lockout valve) 4. Directional Control Valves 5. Actuators Cylinders, rotary actuators, air motors, Robotic Grippers etc. Accessories Flow Controls, needle valves, pressure switches, check valves, vacuum generators, relief valves etc. 7. Pneumatic Logic (alternative to PLC) C: ANSI Symbol Handout and Overview: D: Basic Pneumatic Schematic Handout: 1. Review Pneumatic ANSI symbols 2. Walk through schematic Ill. Generic Presentations of Components Compressor: There are several types of air compressors on the market today. The most common are rotary screw and reciprocating piston type compressors. Most compressors require oil similar to automobile engines to extend life and keep them running moothly. This oil is almost always present in the compressed air sent into the plants air system. The oil can be in the form of burned off hydrocarbons, air line or airborne oil in liquid or vapor form. Compressor selection for a facility is not the focus of this seminar, but Component Supply is an authorized Ingersoll Rand Dealer and we can assist anyone that needs to select a compressor for your facility. A full range of portable or on board compressors are also available that range from sizes small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, to 2 horsepower units. These small ompressors generate surprisingly high volumes of air and vacuum at pressures up to 150 psig and vacuum to 28. 8 Hg. These compressors are usually oiless in design and are an industry unto them selves. Liquid handling systems and process control are other areas that can be assisted by the use of fluid power technology. As stated before, anything that flows can be dealt with using this industrys equipment and technology. So keep this in mind for any needs you may have that fit this general description. FRL Gauges: FRLs or filters, regulators and lubricators are used to properly condition the air for use in a pneumatic system. These combination units can be provided in full size confguration or a more compact miniature version. Many people assume that com pressed air is clean by its nature, this is a great misnomer and poor quality compressed air will cause components to wear faster, and inhibit the reliability of the system. Compressed air is a control medium Just as is electricity; it needs to be conditioned from raw form in order to work as expected. Electricity must be filtered and so does air. The contraction FRL is also the order in which the conditioning proc ess takes place. Air is first filtered, and then regulated to the proper working ressure and, in some systems it is then lubricated to improve the function of various components. A pressure gauge mounted to the regulator will indicate the operating pressure in the system. Properly conditioned air is the grass roots toa well-designed fluid power system. Filtration: Particulate Function and dynamics 2. Depth Filtration-Torturous Path 3. Contaminant Removal 4. Water removal -Removes water in droplet form no vapor removal. 5. Element micron size Element Materials Polypropylene and Sintered Bronze 6. Flow rating vs. element rating finer rating yields lower flow. Coalescing Function and ynamics 1 . Oil Removal-Droplet and aerosols 2. Particulate removal-Depth filtration 3. Aerosol removal coalescing style filters filters out oil aerosols and their negative effects to system reliability are removed as well. 4. Life expectancy of the element average 3-6 months. Check the color Brown = need for change. 5. Material is borosilicate glass Pre-Filter desirability, 5 Micron particulate filters extend life and function of Coalescing unit. 6. Flow capability / pressure drop Options for Filters: Polycarbonate or Metal Bowls Automatic and Manual drains 2. 3. Sight Glasses 4. Diverter blocks . Mounting Options A. Nipple Mount B. Modular Mount Systems Maintenance general WATER REMOVAL: Water in pneumatic systems has been a common problem for circuits that use on board oiless compressors. This is because there is usually not much distance between point of use for the air and the compressor the temperature of compressed air is elevated after compression and drops rapidly when it travels through the system. This temperature drops result in the dew point being reduced all the way through the system and developing water as the higher temperature of newly compressed air-cools and expands. In most industrial plant pneumatic systems a refrigerated air dryer is used to cool the compressed air and remove most of the water before it ever leaves the compressor room. Particulate filters are very efficient water removers when the water is in droplet form. Simple heat exchangers such as coiled copper tubing and serpentine bending arrangements have proven VERY effective at getting the water into droplet form. This allows the filters to take the water out of the system and thus improve reliability. Todays technology also allows you more tolerance for water in the system than older types of valve and cylinder esigns. We never advocate water as acceptable in the systems but components that can handle it will make your system more reliable and efficient. Pressure Regulators: What is their purpose in the system 1 . Function and Dynamics Two way normally open valves with diaphragm or piston as the regulation device. 2. Relieving and Non-relieving Styles 3. Regulation ranges 0-20, Instrument, 0-60 Low, 0-125 General 4. Mounting options 5. Tamper resistance Caps, Keys, Removable knobs 6. Maintenance general Lubricators: 1 . Function and Dynamics Sump-siphon tube-bypass check valve needle valve sight ome. 2. Flow required allowing the lubricator to function (2 SCFM Minimum) 3. Forms of Lubricators Fog Type: Fog Type lubricators are best applied for general-purpose type applications where the components are not sensitive to over lubrication or very precise lubrication. Micro Fog Type: Micro Fog Type lubricators are best applied in those applications where the components require fine-metered oil mist lubrication. This type of unit provides a more uniform supply of atomized oil mist. Drop type: Drop Type lubricators are best applied for general-purpose type applications where the omponents are not sensitive to over lubrication or very precise lubrication and the oil mist is not required to be as fine as those created by mist type lubricators. The oil dispensed from drop type lubricators will travel the shortest distance to components. 4. Maintenance general refilling procedures, fill under pressure, button fill features, bowl removal potential wear and failure points. Integral Filter / Regulators 1. Form Function and Dynamics 2. Advantages 3. Particulate Filters are usually the only type available in (Piggy Back) units. Some are now available in Coalescing style units. 4. Safety Blow Down Valves (Lockout Valve): Safety blow down valves are three way valves that shut off the air supply to a machine or system and then exhaust the remaining air in the machine to atmosphere. The primary purpose of this item is for SAFETY. Valves of this type are an absolute must in any machine, control circuit or system. By exhausting the residual air in the machine to atmosphere there is no stored energy in the machine. One last cycle in the machine could crush an operators hand or cause other types of injury. This is an OSHA requirement that should NEVER be ignored. Remember, a 2. 5 ore air cylinder with 80 psig pressure behind it has 400 lbs. of force ready willing and able to do great damage if accidentally cycled. Lockout valves function and features: Lockout or blows down valves are three way valves usually with a palm button or lever actuator positioned to allow the operator to depressurize the machine by hitting the button in an emergency. The air supply is terminated and residual pressure in the system is exhausted. A Lockout Valve: A lockout valve is the same function as described above except a padlock device is also provided to allow a service technician to lock the air supply in the off position. This guarantees safety to the technician when working on the machine; he can physically lock the valve in the closed position. Directional Control Valves: Directional control valves are utilized to control the operation of fluid power actuators or direct the flow of fluids in more than one direction. A single acting actuator requires Pressure in one direction to operate and a spring or load will return it. A three way directional control valve is used to operate a single acting actuator. A actuator. A four way directional control valve is used to operate a double acting unit. These components will be explained in detail later on. There are many functions of valves in industrial automation systems, 85% of all directional control valves for cylinder, air motor, or rotary actuator control are four way valves. Actuator control is not the only purpose directional control valves serve, the designer is really only limited to their own creativity. Valve Function and Flow Patterns Two Way Valves 1. Normally Open (Passing) 2. Normally Closed (Non: Double Solenoid vs. Single Solenoid Valve Design and Configuration 1. Poppet Style A. Armature Style Direct Lift (Direct Acting) B. Rubber Poppet (Pilot Assisted) 2. Spool Valves (Balanced vs. Unbalanced) A. Dynamic Seal B. Lapped Spool and Sleeve C. Bonded Spool D. Lapped Spool in Body A. In Line Mount B. Bar Stock Manifold Mounting C. Flexible Manifold Mounting/ Electrical interface options Sub-D 25 PIN, Fieldbus etc. 4. Stacking Mounts Custom designs for the OEM or special needs. 5. Accessories A. Sandwich Flow Controls B. Sandwich Regulators C. Blocking Discs D. Blank Station Plates E. Exhaust Restrictors F. Indicator Lights / Surge Suppression G. Integral vacuum generators attached to valves Cylinders Cylinders provide linear motion that can be used to perform a limitless amount of mechanical functions. Cylinders are available from fractional bore size up to 24 bore and beyond providing a range of forces capable of achieving almost anything. Air cylinders usually employ some type of elastomer sealing mechanism such as an O ring or lip type seals. Hydraulic cylinders sometimes use elastomer seals for lower pressures (1500 psig and below) or automotive style metallic piston rings for higher pressures of 5000 psig and higher. They can sometimes be thought of as air cylinders on steroids. Because hydraulics was the first form of fluid power air cylinders that followed were at first nothing more than converted hydraulic cylinders with soft seals (leather initially) that would be leak free with air. As a result air cylinders were at first ver designed and a classic case of overkill. In the past decades air cylinders have been streamlined and cost reduced to meet the cost/function goals of todays industrial market. There are basically two forms of cylinders, single acting and double acting. A single acting cylinder requires pressure from one direction to extend or retract it, and uses a spring or the weight of the load to operate it in the opposite direction. (Usually operated by a three-way valve) The side of the piston opposite the pressure source must be allowed to vent to atmosphere if its an air cylinder or return to tank if its a hydraulic cylinder. A double acting cylinder requires pressure in both directions to extend and retract the cylinder. (Usually operated by a four-way valve) The side of the piston that is not being pressurized is allowed to exhaust back through the valve either to atmosphere or to tank. Cylinder Styles and Confgurations A. Roll crimped Stainless Steel Bimba Style B. Barrel Type Threaded body C. NFPA Tie Rod Design Interchangeable Type D. Low Profile or Pancake Style E. Power Slides F. Rodless Cylinders/Cable Cylinders/Band Cylinders G. Linear Thrusters/ Non-Rotating Cylinders H. Parts Feed Escapements l. Rolling Diaphragm Style Cylinders K. Multi-Position Cylinders (Duplex Cylinders) L. Position Feedback Cylinders M. ISO Interchange IS06431 IS06432 Cylinder Features and Function A. Cushions B. Bumpers C. Shock Absorbers D. Position Sensing 1 . Magnetic Reed Switch (MRS) 2. Hall Effect Switch 3. Integral Mechanical Proximity Switches 4. Integral Mechanical Pneumatic Switches 5. Transducer Probes-position Feedback E. High Temperature F. Pressure Breakaway issues and specifications Special Cylinders in General Speed Control of Cylinders (Speed can be made variable to need) A. Flow Controls B. Needle Valves C. Exhaust Restrictors/Speed Control Mufflers D. Fixed Orifice Meter In vs. Meter Out speed control methodology Factors That Reduce Cylinder Life A. Side Load B. Poor Quality Air C. Too Much Lubrication D. Improper Mounting Creates Side Load E. Stroke Length Long Strokes F. Bottoming out on The End Caps G. High Cycle Rates High or Low Temperature Calculating Cylinder Force The force that an air cylinder is capable of producing can be calculated by taking the area of piston diameter and then multiplying it by the airline pressure you have available. You must remember to deduct the piston rod area from the retract side of he piston because your working pressure will not be able to act on this surface. A key point to remember is that fluid power is FLEXIBLE power by reducing or increasing your working pressure you can decrease or increase your force exerted at a known rate. The formula for this calculated using: 0 x roo x Line pressure = Output stroke or rotation of a pneumatic device. Electrical drive mechanisms generally do not have this feature and are limited in stroke or travel. Air Motors Air Motors provide rotary motion with a shaft that can be continuous in either one or both directions. The air motor is an alternate source of power in lieu of the electric motor. Air motors can be stalled without damage or a rise in heat, which is a real advantage over electric motors. Air consumption and exhaust noise is the two major concerns for air motors. It is also important to note that air motors must be lubricated. Vanes are used inside the motor for the air to act on and drive the shaft. There is a known amount of leakage past the vanes when the motor is both stalled and operational. Adjusting the working pressure exposed to the motor can vary the power or torque provided by an air motor. Valve selection and speed control options are basically the same as would be used for air cylinders. A unidirectional air motor is analogous to a single acting air cylinder and a Bi-directional motor is analogous to a double acting cylinder. Rotary Actuators Rotary actuators provide rotary motion to a shaft through conversion of cylinders attached toa rack and pinion or a vane. As the rack and pinion move or the vane moves the attached shaft provides rotary motion usually not more than one revolution or 3600, when the rack or vane is returned to the home position the shaft is also returned to the home position. The actual rotation of the shaft can be specified when ordering usually this is done in 450 increments. The actuator can be single acting and returned with a spring or double acting and returned with pressure. Rotation adjustments are very handy and reduce the need for extreme tolerances of other mechanisms that help reduce overall machine cost. Styles and Rack and Pinion Style A. Single Rack vs. Double Rack B. Backlash How to eliminate it. C. Higher in precision than vane type D. Shaft Vs. Flange output Vane Type A. Low Cost B. High Breakaway C. Shorter Life D. Higher Rate of Leakage E. Limited Range of Rotation (2700 Max) Control of Actuator Motion A. Valving 4 Way valves 2 3 position valves. B. Speed Control of actuators 1 . Flow Controls 2. Needle Valves 3. Fixed Orifice 1. Bumpers 2. Cushions 3. Hydraulic Shock Absorbers C. Accuracy the precision of a rotary actuator is usually a function of control and design by the end user. The implementation of hard stops and bumpers etc determine type ability to achieve maximum repeatability. Options For Rotary Actuators Position sensing all of the switching options that are available on cylinders are also available in rotary actuators as well. Proximity sensing can also be used in both external and even internal formats. A. Rotation Adjustment *** C. Dual shafts D. Multiple Angles E. Cushions Bumpers F. Non Standard Port Location G. Specials Pneumatic Robotic Grippers Grippers are usually used in higher-level automation systems where pick and place type functions are required. Depending on the style and confguration needed the grippers can range from being very low cost to several hundred dollars. Remember one very important fact you can always purchase a better gripper for less money than it costs to design and make your own. 1. Basic Styles A. Parallel Grippers Jaws move in parallel motion. B. Angular Grippers Jaws move in angular parallel motion 900 Grippers 1800 Grippers 2. Basic Features and Function A. Stroke Adjustments B. Open and Closed Sensors C. Single and Double Acting D. Optical Encoder Option E. Repeatability from Gripper to Gripper (key for field service) F. Operational repeatability l. Accessories and Miscellaneous Components A. Flow Controls C. Check Valve D. Pressure Switches E. Vacuum Generators G. Relief Valves H. Quick Exhaust Valve REV. B Revised 03/07/93 enhanced coverage expanded verbiage of descriptive areas. REV. C Revised 09/10/93 tailored format and topics to OEM business and imaging machine needs. REV. D. Revised 11/10/94 to have a more generic appeal. REV. E. 1 1/1 5/95 Converted File from WordStar 6. 0 to MS Word 7. 0, removed some information that does not apply to customers. REV. G 05/21/2001 Updated basic wording in various areas. July 17, 1995 Pneumatic Logic Introduction: Pneumatic Logic is a control medium very similar to electricity. Over the years the popularity of pneumatic control logic has varied depending on several issues such as reliability, cost, troubleshooting, technology and application nvironments. Moving Parts Logic (MPL) Also Known as Pilot Logic, MPL can be used in conjunction with or in lieu of electrical controls on automated machines. This form of control medium was very popular in the 1970s due to lower cost and small size compared to relay electrical control systems. Todays PLCs have closed that gap in a dramatic fashion. Today MPL has its place in hazardous applications such as paint spray booths or areas where a spark could cause an explosion. In automated assembly or automatic machines Pneumatic Logic is still the lowest cost form of Anti-tie Down echanisms and assembly processes that require 5 or less steps. After 5 steps or more the PLC is often (but not always) lower in cost and smaller in size than MPL, it also offers better diagnostics for debug. When used in conjunction with Air Pilot operated power valves, manually and mechanically operated Limit Valves MPL allows for sequencing, time delays, parts sensing, position sensing etc. Almost any automated process can be achieved with MPL. Pneumatic Logic when applied properly is also very compact and highly reliable. 1. Mounting Formats A. Individual Bases

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management in Tesco Essay

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management in Tesco - Essay Example TESCO is one of the leading international retailers in the world. It was started in the mid of 1920s with the trading name TESCO. Since then the company has slowly expanded and marked its presence in different markets and sectors (TESCO) . The growth strategy of the company is a long-term strategy based on four key parts: growth in the Core UK business to expand by growing internationally to be as strong in non-food as in food and to follow customers into new retailing services. Knowing this little information about the company, the environmental analysis of the company is done and presented in the forthcoming paragraphs. PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the "big picture" of the environment, in which you are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company or department), you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. (RAPIDBI) Specifically the PEST or PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business or organization. Political Environment: Political forces influence the legislations and government rules and regulations under which the firm operates. Every company faces political constraints in the form of antitrust laws, fair trade decisions, and tax programs, minimum usage legislations, pollution and pricing policies, administrative activities and many other actions, aimed at protecting the consumers and the local environment. In 2001, The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) introduced a Supermarkets' Code of Practice to regulate trading relationships between the four largest UK supermarkets and their suppliers. Tesco is a signatory to the Code and has met its obligations for implementing the Code. The company is committed to maintaining strong mutually advantageous relationships with its suppliers. Economic Environment: Economic factors clearly indicate the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Every market is unique and consumption patterns change along with the wealth of the consumers in various market segments. For strategic planning all the economic trends at national and international levels have to be considered. Tesco makes a significant contribution to economic activity in all the places in which it operates. Every week over 400,000 staff serves over 30 million customers in 13 countries. The company has to its credit a track record of providing value for customers, creating jobs and training, providing opportunities for suppliers and regenerating deprived areas. The business relationship of Tesco is with nearly 2,000 own-brand primary suppliers in 98 countries. Social Environment: The social environment is an important factor as changes in the values, beliefs, attitudes, opinions and lifestyles in society create potential opportunities for an organization. For